1. Chiller Staging Control (On/Off) – Decoupler line
In primary-secondary chilled water systems, the primary and secondary circuits operate independently. The primary circuit generates chilled water, modulated by the number of operating chillers, while the secondary circuit distributes this water based on demand.
This configuration ensures that the minimum chiller flow is continuously maintained in the primary circuit and the demand for chilled water is met in the secondary circuit. However, to always meet the demand, the system ensures the chilled water flow rate in the primary circuit surpasses that in the secondary circuit (production > demand). This discrepancy necessitates a bypass line connecting the primary and secondary circuits, equilibrating their chilled water flow rate differences.
For instance, in the provided diagram below, the total chilled water flow rate demanded by the air handling units (AHUs) amounts to 150 L/s. Responding to this, the secondary chilled water pumps, with their variable speeds, adjust to match the demand. The primary circuit, however, cannot reduce its chilled water flow rate due to its fixed-speed pumps. For example, if one AHU demand drops to 50%, the overall flow rate for secondary loop will drop to 112.5L/s. If a primary pump and its associated chiller were deactivated, the chilled water flow rate would fall to an insufficient 75 L/s.
Hence, to maintain demand, both chillers must operate, resulting in a surplus 37.5 L/s of chilled water flowing back to the chillers via the bypass line.
Sizing criteria: The maximum pressure drop in the decoupler pipe should not exceed approximately 300 Pa/m as a rule of thumb of 5kPa overall header loss. By restricting the pressure drop to this maximum value, water flowing in the primary loop will not flow into the secondary circuit until its circulator is activated. This strategy achieves hydraulic isolation between both the primary and secondary circuits, providing the fundamental basis for primary-secondary pumping. Note that a higher friction loss in the common pipe tends to cause the primary and secondary pumps to act in series, leading to an induced flow in the system. Normally full flow through the decoupler line is about 115% of the flow rate associated with the largest chiller. Flow rates more than this value would indicate an operating chiller should be stopped.
True Partners Consulting Engineers pipe sizing tool can be used for copper or steel pipes to size up the required bypass line (decoupler pipe) size in the example above, simply enter the waterflow rate and maximum pressure drop of 300Pa/m and calculator will provide the pipe size required e.g. 115%x75L/s = 86.25L/s @ 300Pa/m >> 200 DN decoupler pipe size